Chinese Yaozhou
Posted in Antiques on 02/21/2012 08:58 pm by admin
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Huang Yu full view map by Bel1979326
Kangxi "Huang Yu full view map," Yongzheng ten rows, "Wong Yu Tu", "Qianlong in House Maps", three maps drawn with the Qing dynasty, the country's unity and national boundaries of the effective authority in close contact, especially with Dynasty unified the process of border-related. Kangxi, Yongzheng, in addition to the Ministry of Junggar separatist Northwest Frontier, other border areas all unity, so the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng, "Huang Yu full early in the 16th century, maps drawn on the Chinese people into Europe, Jiajingnianjian engraving of the "ancient and modern form of victory map" in 1574 into Spain. In 1689, the Qing Dynasty and the Russian border treaties negotiated in the Nerchinsk when, as the representative of China and the translation of the French Jesuit missionaries grapes Asia, who use their map of China to the Russians in jurisdiction, the General Commission of Jilin, in order to control its external Hezhen, Fei Yaka, Russian spring-lun tribes, within which to defend Ningguta, white are Lane also. Sanxing west straight from the cow over, Qin Du, Jing Zhu Qi mile water source, limited to revive An Daling, some spans are more than three thousand years, I set Heilongjiang General Commission of the DPRK, its external to control Solon, up to Hu'er tribes, within which to defend Jilin, Mukden also. Since about two thousand in the west of Heilongjiang, is Kelulunhe waters upstream, and I work towards setting Cullen Minister of Manpower of its external to control the Chechen Khan, soil Xie Figure Khan tribes, within which to defend the Union and Mongolia, East Fourth Zhili, Shanxi border also. from Cullen in the west about two thousand for Selenggehe waters upstream, and I set Uliastai toward reunification of the General , to control its external and Zha Sake Figure Tangnu Wuliang Hai Khan, Hussein Nuoyan Department, within which to defend the Second League Menggu Xi and Shaanxi, Gansu border also. from Uliastai west about a thousand miles, according to the amount ofErqi Si River, I set Hovd Cenzantaichen system towards it, to control its external and Duerbote Altai Wuliang Hai, the new Torghut tribes, within which to defend Barkol, Urumqi also various environmental . All of the above place and the Russian border, each heavily, and the situation connect. from Hovd to the west about Tarbaghatai more than a thousand years, a minister in Yan. from the west Tarbaghatai about more than a thousand years, asYili, a general in Yan, its external environment are the Kazakh tribes, subject to knighthoods, satisfied taxes, than on the Mainland for Mongolia. and outside Kazakhstan, but Russia as a power, the heavy border What, then, the benefits we know carry on. "[1]
From this description, we can see that the Qing court's jurisdiction on the northern border areas in the form of: sending general, all systems, minister stationed around the border, the highest in a region, General military and political executive, the Qing Dynasty set in the northern border region general are:
Mukden General General Jilin, Heilongjiang, General Uliastai General Suiyuan generals, such as Yili General. Eight Banners system is the region have the highest military and political Executive, such as the Urumqi City, Chahar both systems and so on. Minister points Shenzandachen, minister and acting minister of leader. Shenzantaichen Khalkha located in Xinjiang and Mongolia region, second only to General Garrison. In the Ili General and the left side of Uliastai be located under the Deputy General Shenzandachen to "junior art machine should be." Tarbaghatai, Hovd, and is dedicated Shenzantaichen Kashgar. Leader minister, a general and at Yili Shenzandachen Tarbaghatai, the management Xibe, Solon, Chahar, E Lute and other nomadic tribes do; a set in the Barkol, city, Kuer Ka La Usu, Aksu and Yingjisha Haier City, in charge of military and political affairs of the city were owned by Urumqi and Kashgar Canzandachen system jurisdiction. Acting minister, located in Tianshan road of Yarkand, Hotan, Wushi, Aksu, Kuqa, Kara Shull, Hamilton and other places, in charge of the local military and political affairs. With these settings, the Qing court established in the border areas to the Eight Banners system and the pan-green camp system as the main military system. (He Qiutao this with a comparison of the original text)
Junji first year (1644), the Qing government decided to move the capital Beijing, before any orders are yellow in Los Minister for Mukden Explorer, soldiers guarding system, etc. will open in Mukden. At the same time male Yao (now Liaoning Xiongyue), Jinzhou, Ningyuan (now Liaoning Xingcheng), Phoenix (now Liaoning Fengcheng), Xing Jing (today Liao Ning Xinbin Old Town), meaning the state (now Yixian Formation in Liaoning),Metro, Niuzhuang (now Liaoning Haicheng), Xiuyan, Tokyo (now Tokyo town of Liaoyang, Liaoning), Gaizhou (now Liaoning cover County), Yaozhou (now Liaoning Yingkou), sea state (now Liaoning Haicheng), Anshan, City of Garrison and other widely deployed.The plan was not fully implemented, deployed a 16-city garrison, stationed in the actual city is only 5, that Mukden, Xing Jing, Niuzhuang, Gaizhou and Phoenix.
Junji year (1645) March, Mailer Zhang Jing Ye grams instead of what the book will be named Los Shengjing Explorer. June, denounced the original Ming Dynasty Qing provisional capital of Nanjing, the provisional capital determine the status of Mukden.
Three years (1646), to grant leaves of the book is Angbang Zhang Jing Ke, guarding the Mukden.
Decade (1653), to prevent the deepening of Russia forces, the court in awarding first-class men and Shull up to Angbang Zhang Jing Hu, guarding Ningguta place under the jurisdiction of the original Shengjing Angbang Minister in Heilongjiang River, Ussuribasins, including Nerchinsk zoned ????? Zhang Jing management.
Kangxi reign (1662) changed guarding guarding Shengjing Angbang Zhang Jing as General Liaodong, etc., change the guard guarding the Ningguta ????? Zhang Jing, etc. for the general.
Four years (1665) has also changed, etc. Liaodong General, General guarding the Mukden. Fifteen years (1676), General Seat Ningguta to Jilin. Twenty-two years (1683), additional guarding the General of Heilongjiang, etc., will be under the jurisdiction of origin Ningguta general source of constant rolling river tributary hada Ural River, the Heilongjiang River and the north shore of the complete accounting for the Songhua River and other rivers flowing east to the west of the separation, placed under the general jurisdiction of Heilongjiang. Since then, three general system formally established in the Northeast. Later, they renamed the Mukden Mukden General General General Ningguta renamed Jilin general.
Three general areas of jurisdiction, Mukden general area as: "North east, west Shanhaiguan, south to the sea, north to Jilin sector, Mongol tribes";
Jilin general jurisdiction: "east sea, south-east to the Xi Kata Aboriginal community, northeast to Feiyakahai community, west Weiyuan Shengjing sector Tumen River south to the Korean community";
Heilongjiang General territory under its jurisdiction as follows: "North to the outside Mountains, northwest to Eagle will Qihe, west of Khan Khalkha Chechen Ministry of Northern League South and jirem phase, east and southeast and Jilin Songhua River as the boundary . "
Three general jurisdiction Fudu Tong are: Jinzhou Fudu Tong, Xiongyue Fudu Tong, Jilin Fudu Tong, Ningguta Fudu Tong, white all Lane Fudu Tong, Sansing Fudu Tong, Al Chu Vice Cameroonall systems, Qiqihar Fudu Tong, Melbourne root Fudu Tong, Heilongjiang Fudu Tong. Late to the northeast Banners Banner troops at the beginning of the entry of more than 2,600 people to 26,000 people, expanded 10 times.
Northeast is the duty of the three systems, General military, public administration, anti-side, Pirates series. Reign of Emperor Kangxi and Russia signed the "Treaty of Nerchinsk" after, Jilin, Heilongjiang General's main responsibility is to keep Tour card edge. East of Lake Baikal and the upper reaches of Shilka Heilongjiang River, where the fine wonderful man Jiang Jiang and cattle in the upper, middle and lower reaches, downstream of the constant roll of Heilongjiang River, Green River, the Wu river, Sakhalin and other places, the Qing Dynasty are maintained once a year or three years of regular patrol a border system.
A book under the reign of Emperor Kangxi's "Lonza little discipline," the records, the situation in Heilongjiang Inspected area are:
"May, three-city (ie, Qiqihar, Melbourne roots, Ai-Hui, Wen Bu Quebec, respectively, Ai muddy, Melbourne root) the removal rate of a hundred large Bian Inspected to Ordos solid sodium River (that is, the ancient Elgin satisfied that the river). River west of the Russian land. visited the east coast of sandy grassland, with or without grazing marks, anti-invasion circles. from the fifty or sixty days. Bu Kui to the person, River crossing Noni (that Nen) refers to the northwest, through special Er Kuer Peak Mountains, involving Shinnick River, opened La Liyi wood (ie Hailar River) and other river, the grass road diffuse, non-rut, and distinguish the direction of the line ... .... Melbourne roots to those who are also crossing the river Noni Northwest over Mountains, circling layer peaks, its path is easy to identify. Ai muddy to, from the north of Heilongjiang Su Zhou, off the West, it had Jaxa City Market, to the boundary marker (referring to Heidegger's boundary marker will Qihe ). "
On "Nerchinsk Treaty" between the two countries provided for outstanding area (Ukraine and south of River Mountains north of the area between), since the years of Qianlong (1765) onwards, are regularly inspected to prevent Russian encroachment .
The mid-19th century, had personally inspected the Heilongjiang River valley of Siberia and the British scholar Ravenstein, the situation on the edge of the Qing, the patrols were also described:
"Every year in summer, Chinese officials the ship with five prospective Heilongjiang Shanghai Airlines, the two boats before the ship open, and notice of their arrival drums. Each group of five turns with the ship tow, rotate three times a day. All the staff of a total of about 70-80 people. they are on flights to Worcester - ????? about forty days time, the two boats across the river to stay in China, where the boundary of the erection of boundary markers; the remaining vessels continue to sail along the river to the Eagle Shilka will Qihe. Here, exchange gifts and Russian troops Executive, lease horses, riding together to the Eagle River will be erected more than 20 miles local landmarks. "substantially the same with the Chinese historical records.
In Heilongjiang, the downstream Ningguta general area, the Qing Dynasty to the Tour Edge line of three columns: the first road from the constant rolling river upstream, into the very Beishan Stanovoy; the second road from the Green River into the mountains; the thirdRoad from the coast into the mountains.
Although the Qing Dynasty in the northeast region is more tightly organized system of patrolling the border, but the Qing court's border policy has its mistakes of the Department:
The first block of Northeast strict policies that prohibit the flow of population in the Mainland customs. Resulting in the Northeast, particularly in areas bordering with Russia, sparsely populated, low levels of productivity. If, according to records, to the late Kangxi, Ningguta soldiers still "things are scattered in the South Tucheng, together, but three, four hundred schools", Qiqihar, "and no shortage of the county if Turkey. Outskirts, but Um brake IV five only. " The local military build-up, deployment of troops, Guard and so inevitably means negative impact.
First, although the northeastern border region with Karen, E Bo, and a regular border patrol system, but too far away from the Heilongjiang General Yamen, in information transmission and force exiled mused disadvantage. "Nerchinsk Treaty" signed, Russia's threat to temporarily lift the Heilongjiang River. Originally located in the Heilongjiang General Yamen Aihui gradually moved south, three years of Emperor Kangxi (1693) moved to Melbourne roots, thirty-eight years (1699) and moved to Qiqihar. This strategic plan has a direct impact on the construction of Heilongjiang River and the border development, after the Opium War, the Russian army Cheng Xu and others planted the seeds.
About the Author
Bel is working at lhasa tours Travel Agency which is a reliable travel service company in Beijing providing various Beijing and China travel information, travel tips, culture knowledge and tour services. For taking tours of Beijing and China, please visit mt everest tours for details.
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